Risk Factors and Predictors of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Insights from a Case-Control Study
Keywords:
Lupus, SLE, risk factors, smoking, alcohol, stress, family history.Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A total of 72 cases and 142 matched controls were interviewed between 2008 and 2019 at the first clinic of Samarkand State Medical Institute. Clinical data were obtained from the central patient database, and participants meeting more than four SLE criteria were included. The questionnaire addressed variables such as education, body metrics, use of hair dyes, smoking, alcohol consumption, hormonal and endocrine factors, occupational exposure to low temperatures, family history of autoimmune diseases, and psychological stress. The influence of these variables on SLE was analyzed using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Multivariate analysis revealed that a history of hypertension increased the risk of SLE (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.36–7.9), and cases were more likely to report angina pectoris compared to controls (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.6–24). A significant association was found between a family history of autoimmune diseases and SLE risk (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.25–4.05). Interestingly, alcohol consumption exceeding 200 grams per week was associated with a lower risk of SLE, although the sample size was limited. Smoking 2 to 5 cigarette packs per week increased the risk of SLE (OR 2.64, 95% CI 0.97–7.18), but this finding was not statistically significant. The study concludes that SLE may be linked to both endogenous and exogenous factors, warranting further research to establish causative relationships.
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