The Impact of Air Pollution on Tourism Demand in Uzbekistan: A Fixed Effects Analysis
Keywords:
Air pollution, PM2.5, tourism demand, Uzbekistan, fixed effects modelAbstract
This study examines the impact of air pollution on international tourist arrivals in Uzbekistan, with a focus on PM2.5 levels as a critical environmental factor. Using a panel dataset covering five key regions—Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and Andijan—from 1995 to 2023, the analysis employs a fixed effects panel regression model to account for unobserved regional and temporal heterogeneity. The findings reveal that higher PM2.5 levels significantly deter tourist inflows, while economic development, as measured by GDP per capita, positively influences tourism demand. Additionally, adverse climatic conditions, including increased rainfall, are associated with reduced tourist arrivals. These results highlight the interconnectedness of environmental quality, economic conditions, and tourism dynamics, providing actionable insights for policymakers. The study emphasizes the importance of improving air quality, fostering economic development, and adopting climate adaptation strategies to ensure the sustainable growth of Uzbekistan's tourism sector.
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